Jessica: Dr. Emily Carter, a leading researcher in behavioral science at Stanford University, has conducted numerous studies showing that her theory regarding the factors influencing dog behavior leads to reliable predictions about how dogs navigate obstacle courses. Based on this evidence, Dr. Emily Carter asserts that her theory is undeniably valid. Mark: Then Dr. Emily Carter is not a responsible scientist. The evidence does not definitively establish that her theory is valid. Responsible scientists always acknowledge the potential for new findings to prove their theories wrong. Mark bases his conclusion about Dr. Emily Carter on which one of the following?